Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a common yet serious condition caused by the narrowing of arteries, primarily in the legs. This results in reduced blood flow to the limbs, leading to symptoms such as leg pain, cramping, and, in severe cases, non-healing wounds. Early detection is crucial to manage PAD effectively and prevent complications like ulcers, infections, or even limb amputation.
This guide explains what PAD is, its symptoms, and how it’s detected through advanced diagnostic techniques.
What is Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?
PAD occurs when plaque—a mixture of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances—builds up in the arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis. This reduces blood flow to the extremities, most commonly the legs and feet.
Key Facts About PAD
- PAD affects more than 200 million people worldwide, often going undiagnosed.
- It’s a major risk factor for heart attack and stroke.
- Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol increase the likelihood of developing PAD.
Symptoms of PAD
PAD can range from mild to severe, with some people showing no symptoms. Common signs include:
- Leg Pain or Cramping: Often triggered by walking or exercise and relieved with rest (known as claudication).
- Cold or Numb Feet: A feeling of coldness or numbness in one or both feet.
- Wounds That Don’t Heal: Ulcers on the legs or feet that are slow to heal.
- Skin Changes: Shiny skin, hair loss on the legs, or a bluish tint to the toes.
- Weak Pulses in the Feet: A reduced or absent pulse in the foot arteries.
If left untreated, PAD can progress to critical limb ischemia (CLI), a severe form of PAD that can lead to tissue loss and gangrene.
How is PAD Detected?
Detecting PAD involves a combination of medical history, physical exams, and advanced diagnostic tools.
1. Medical History and Risk Assessment
Doctors first evaluate risk factors such as:
- Smoking history.
- Diabetes and high blood pressure.
- Family history of cardiovascular disease.
2. Physical Examination
During a physical exam, the doctor may:
- Check for weak pulses in the legs and feet.
- Look for signs like non-healing wounds or skin discoloration.
- Listen for bruits (whooshing sounds) in the arteries using a stethoscope.
3. Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
The ABI test is a simple, non-invasive method to detect PAD. It measures blood pressure in the arms and ankles and calculates a ratio to determine blood flow.
- Normal ABI: 1.0 to 1.4.
- PAD Indicator: Less than 0.9 suggests reduced blood flow.
4. Ultrasound Imaging
Doppler ultrasound is often used to detect PAD. It visualizes blood flow in the arteries and identifies blockages or narrowing.
- Advantages: Non-invasive and highly accurate.
- What It Detects: Blood clots, plaques, and arterial narrowing.
5. Advanced Imaging Tests
For more severe cases or unclear results, additional imaging may be required:
- CT Angiography (CTA): Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the arteries.
- MR Angiography (MRA): Uses magnetic fields and contrast dye to assess blood flow.
- Angiography: A minimally invasive procedure where contrast dye is injected directly into the arteries to highlight blockages.
6. Blood Tests
While not diagnostic for PAD, blood tests may be used to check for related conditions such as high cholesterol, diabetes, or inflammation.
Who Should Be Screened for PAD?
Screening for PAD is particularly important for individuals with the following risk factors:
- Age 50+: Especially those who smoke or have diabetes.
- History of Cardiovascular Disease: Includes heart attack or stroke.
- Symptoms of Leg Pain or Ulcers: Persistent issues in the legs or feet.
How is PAD Treated?
If PAD is detected, treatment aims to improve symptoms, enhance mobility, and prevent further complications.
- Lifestyle Changes:
- Quit smoking.
- Adopt a heart-healthy diet.
- Engage in regular exercise, like supervised walking programs.
- Medications:
- Cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins).
- Blood thinners (antiplatelets).
- Medications to improve blood flow, such as cilostazol.
- Minimally Invasive Procedures:
- Angioplasty: Opens narrowed arteries with a balloon and sometimes inserts a stent.
- Atherectomy: Removes plaque buildup in the arteries.
- Surgical Options:
- Bypass Surgery: Creates a new pathway for blood flow around a blocked artery.
- Wound Care: Specialized care for non-healing ulcers to prevent infections and complications.
Why Early Detection is Crucial
Early detection of PAD can significantly reduce the risk of complications like heart attack, stroke, and limb amputation. Many people with PAD remain undiagnosed until the condition worsens, so recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice promptly is essential.
Book Your PAD Screening Today
If you’re experiencing symptoms or have risk factors for PAD, it’s time to take action. Advanced diagnostic tools like Doppler ultrasound and ABI testing can provide quick and accurate answers.
Contact Us:
- Phone: 020 3318 1373
- Email: [email protected]
- Website: www.phoenix-ultrasound.co.uk
Don’t wait—early detection can make all the difference for your health and mobility.
